Sumber

Organizational Structure of an Academic Paper

• Keadaan penelitian saat ini di bidang tersebut
• Kesenjangan penelitian (keterbatasan penelitian saat ini atau masalah yang belum terjawab)
• Solusi untuk masalah (tujuan dari studi)
• Rasional bagaimana solusi dapat memecahkan masalah atau mengapa penting untuk dilakukan
• Penjelasan singkat tentang desain studi

• Sifat dari studi
• Deskripsi masalah
• Tinjauan literatur berbasis masalah
• Tujuan dari studi
• Penjelasan singkatan dan istilah

• Desain studi
• Peserta / subjek studi (ukuran sampel & karakteristik)
• Bahan yang digunakan
• Analisis data

• Metode / desain studi
• Bahan yang digunakan
• Lokasi studi jika relevan
• Peserta atau subjek studi (manusia, hewan, atau tumbuhan) dan bagaimana mereka dipilih
• Analisis data

• Karakteristik data
• Presentasi data utama
• Tabel untuk menjelaskan ringkasan data atau ilustrasi berkualitas baik (grafik, gambar, foto, atau mikrograf) untuk menunjukkan bagian penting dari data.

• Ringkasan bagian Hasil
• Pentingnya hasil dan interpretasinya
• Kekuatan dan keterbatasan studi
• Implikasi dari penelitian

• Presentasi hasil yang berkaitan dengan pendahuluan
• Interpretasi hasil
• Latar belakang teoritis hasil
• Signifikansi hasil
• Saran untuk penelitian di masa depan

• Hasil utama dari studi yang menjawab pertanyaan penelitian / tujuan dari studi
• Implikasi atau signifikansi hasil
• Keterbatasan
• Saran untuk penelitian di masa depan

• Hasil studi
• Saran untuk penelitian di masa depan

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. August 1, 2021.

• Pendahuluan (dari penelitian sebelumnya)
• Masalah utama
• Tujuan dan Hasil

• Pendahuluan
• Masalah Utama
• Tujuan
• Metode

• Latar Belakang
• Masalah utama
• Tujuan
• Metode
• Hasil Utama
• Kesimpulan

Writing an Abstract

1. “Writing an Abstract” by George Mason University Writing Center
2. “Writing an Abstract” by University of Adelaide Writing Center
3. “How to write an Abstract” by University of North Carolina Wilmington Writing Center
4. “Writing an Abstract” by University of Colorado Writing Center
5. “Abstract” by University of Nevada Reno Writing and Speaking Center

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. October 8, 2021.

"What is Plagiarism" by ClickView (2014). The video can be seen from ClickView YouTube Channel

Plagiarism Issue

Degrees of Plagiarism 

1. Giving citation but only change a few words
2. Giving no citation to a copy-paste text
3. Giving no citation to classmates’ text/ paragraphs 
4. Quoting and citing someone’s ideas without using quotation marks
5. Failing in self-citing previous work that has been published 
6. Misspelling the author’s name

1. “Examples of Plagiarism” by Bowdoin College  
2. “Examples of Plagiarism” by Northern Illinois University 
3. “Academic Integrity” by Princeton University

Consequences of plagiarism

1. “The consequences of Plagiarism” by Excelsior Online Writing Lab
2. “The ten consequences of Plagiarism” by IRAFPA Institute
3. “6 Consequences of Plagiarism” by ithenticate

Avoiding Plagiarism

1. Use quotation marks to indicate other people’s ideas  
2. Cite every source you use to indicate that the ideas are not yours
3. Do not patchwriting or paraphrase too closely
4. Avoid being ignorance or innocent intentionally  

1. "Steps to Avoiding Plagiarism" by University of Arizona Writing Center
2. "Modules: Plagiarism Prevention Modules" by Walden University Writing Center
3. "Plagiarism Prevention" by The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Writing Center
4. "Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism" by Hixon Writing Center
5. "Avoiding Plagiarism" by Purdue Online Writing Lab

References 

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. September 11, 2021.

Citation

In-text citation 

1. “MLA in a Nutshell” by Thompson Rivers University Library and Writing Center
2. “APA 7th in a Nutshell” by Thompson Rivers University Library and Writing Center
3. “IEEE Referencing Style Sheet” by University of Bath Library
4. "Harvard Referencing Style" by UGM
5. "Citing Sources" by Texas A&M University Writing Center
6. "Citations" by Thomspon Rivers University Writing Center

Reporting Verb for citation

• Carla & Margareth (2021) describe …..
• Lagnan (2020) supports……..
• Dorothy (2019) discovers……

1. “Reporting Verbs” by University of Technology Sydney
2. “Verbs for reporting” by The University of Adelaide Writing Centre
3. “Verbs for Referring to Sources” by Martine Johnston from International Student Centre of University of Toronto
4. “Reporting Verbs” by Thompson Rivers University Writing Center
5. “Using Reporting Verbs” by San Jose State University Writing Center

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. August 28, 2021.

Quotation

1. “MLA in a Nutshell” by Thompson Rivers University Library and Writing Center
2. “APA 7th in a Nutshell” by Thompson Rivers University Library and Writing Center
3. “IEEE Referencing Style Sheet” by University of Bath Library

When to use quotation

Before you quote, you should understand why you are quoting someone's exact words. You can utilize a quotation If you are dealing with one of the following circumstances mentioned by Bailey (2015):

1. “When the original words express an idea in a distinctive way”. Sometimes, we do not want to lose the essence of the words that have been put together by a writer because of the way the ideas are expressed. In this case, a straight quotation is appropriate. However, you must make sure that you can frame these words or sentences well in your writing.
2. “When the original is more concise than your summary could be”. When you attempt to make a summary or paraphrase, you may find it hard to make your words as concise as the original words, hence, quoting the original words or sentences can be the best option.
3. “When the original version is well known”. A quotation is particularly useful when quoting a famous quote or scientific result of a researcher. However, familiarity cannot be a reason for you to choose a quotation for the importance is the idea that you are quoting.

Basic rules in quoting

When you know what source you want to quote, you can begin by copying the exact word to your writing. However, there are some basic rules you must adhere to in quoting. Adopted from Greene & Lidinsky (2015), here are some basic rules that you can follow:

1. Take an active stance. The quotation is for you to justify your argument.  
2. Do not quote only a line or two that can distort the whole point of another person’s idea.
3. Inform your reader about the quotation you are using by showing how the quotation can relate to your argument (for a long quotation that is usually written in blockquote; more than 3 or 4 lines).
4. Using the quotation blended with the grammar of your writing if you use short quotations (only one or two lines). 
5. Use punctuation to attach quotations (for short quotations).
6. Bailey (2015) adds to use reporting or reference verb (example: state, claim, or agree, etc.) in quoting.

The punctuation rules in quoting

Besides the rules above, there are some punctuation rules you must follow in quoting. Please refer to the punctuation rules taken from Bailey (2015) below:

1. A long quotation can be written in a smaller font or in a block quote that does not require quotation marks
2. If some words are deleted, use “……” (without the quotation marks) to indicate what is missing
3. If some words are inserted, put the words inside of these [….] marks
4. A double quotation is used when there is a quotation inside of a quotation

1. Railey (2015) also makes a claim further by saying that “………………”
2. According to Railey (2015), “………….…..”. His suggestion is in line with our…..
3. As a prominent figure in the education field, Railey (2015) puts it “…………………”

1. “Integrating Quotation” by Massasoit Community College Writing Center
2. “Suggested Ways to Introduce Quotations” by Columbia College Tutoring and Writing Assistance
3. “Quoting authors” by University of New England

Introductory Phrases / reporting verbs

1. “Reporting Verbs” by University of Technology Sydney
2. “Verbs for reporting” by The University of Adelaide Writing Centre
3. “Verbs for Referring to Sources” by Martine Johnston from International Student Centre of University of Toronto
4. “Reporting Verbs” by Thompson Rivers University Writing Center
5. “Using Reporting Verbs” by San Jose State University Writing Center

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. September 8, 2021. 

Paraphrasing

What paraphrasing is not:

• Paraphrasing is not patchworking (Klements, 2021).
• Paraphrasing is different from direct quotation (Wallwork, 2011).
• Common knowledge does not need to be paraphrased (The Writing Center; the University of Wisconsin-Madison, n.d)
• Technical words do not need to be paraphrased (Wallwork, 2011)

 When to paraphrase:

• If you are dealing with facts or definitions (Monash University, n.d; Wallwork, 2011).
• If you want to develop your idea or make a more persuasive text (Hirvela & Du, 2013).

How to Paraphrase:

1. Read the original text.
2. Make notes on the important words or technical words while reading.
3. Close the original text so you can focus on writing with your own words.
4. Try to state what you have read using your own words. Use the list of important words to help you. 
5. Write it down using your own words.
6. You may want to proofread, edit, and revise your text.
7. Do not forget to cite.

• Using synonyms, for examples:

Claim (verb)→ synonym → argue or assert

Liquid (Noun) → synonym → fluid

• Changing part of speech, for example from a verb to noun or noun to adjective

Analyze (verb)→ analysis (Noun)

Classify (verb) → classification (Noun)

• Changing nouns or pronouns from singular or plural
• Changing the verb-form, for example, help → helping /helped
• Changing from personal to impersonal style
• Reversing the order of the ideas

1. "Paraphrase: How do I paraphrase" by University of Toronto
2. "Paraphrasing Effectively" by University of Illinois Springfield
3. "Using Evidence: Paraphrase" by Walden University Writing Center
4. "Quoting and Paraphrasing" by University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center
5. "Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing" by The University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center
6. "Paraphrasing for Beginners" by University College London Writing Center
7. "Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words" by Purdue Online Writing Lab

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. August 11, 2021

Cohesion

"An Introduction of Cohesion in Academic Writing" by AWUC (2015). The video can be seen from AWUC YouTube Channel

Enhancing Cohesion

1. Using reference words (Bailey, 2015)

2. Conjunction or linking words

• Because, as a result, or therefore are used to show cause and effect
• However, although, or but are used to show opposition or contrasting ideas
• In addition, and, or furthermore are used to show addition

1. “Cohesion” by Gustavus Adolphus College writing Center
2. “Flow and Cohesion” by UMass Amherst Writing Center
3. “Revising for Cohesion” by Purdue University Writing Lab
4. “Improving Cohesion” by The University of Melbourne
5. “Connecting Ideas Through Transition” by University of Wisconsin Writing Center

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. September 17, 2021.

Coherence

“Coherence in Writing” by Mometrix Academy (2023). The video can be seen from this link 

Enhancing Coherence

1. “Use details that follow logically from your topic sentence and maintain a single focus”. Sample Text 1 shows the opposite of this strategy. You can maintain unity and coherence in your text by focusing on one main idea in each paragraph. Remove or revise the supporting details that do not resonate with the main idea.
2. “Repeat keywords to guide your readers”. Repeating keywords is done to let your readers know that the sentences are connected and united to the same idea. Sample text 1 can be one example of this strategy. You can notice how the word AWE is used in the paragraphs.

1. “On Paragraphs” by Purdue Online Writing Lab
2. “Flow” by University of North Carolina Writing Center
3. “Paragraph Unity and Coherence” by American University Writing Lab
4. “Coherence” by RMIT University Learning Lab
5. “Flow and Lexical Coherence” by Loyola Marymount University Library

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. September 21, 2021.

"Paragraph Structure" by Smrt English (2012). The video can be seen from Smrt English YouTube Channel

Basic Paragraph Structure

Topic sentence

1. Too general. 

Example: Exercise is very beneficial.

This topic sentence is considered too general because there are various exercises that it is impossible to be explained all in one paragraph.

2. Too specific

Example: Doing plank for thirty minutes a day will strengthen your cardio-vascular system by thirty percent.

This topic sentence is considered too specific because there is a possibility that there is nothing to say to support this sentence.

3. Adequate

Example: There rate of car ownership varies across social status in India.

This topic is considered adequate as you can develop this with the variation mentioned in the topic sentence.

1. “Paragraphs: Topic Sentence” by Walden University Writing Center
2. “Topic Sentence” by Wheaton College Writing Center
3. “Topic Sentence” by Purdue Online Writing Lab

Supporting Sentences

1. Details of the main idea
2. Statistics 
3. Examples
4. Opinion/ argument
5. Literature review

1. “Supporting Paragraph” by Northern Illinois University
2. “Body Paragraphs” by University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center
3. “Developing Supporting Paragraph” by Texas A&M University

Concluding Sentence

1. “Academic Writing; Writing Paragraphs Exercises” by UEfAP
2. “Beginner Paragraph” by University of New England
3. “Paragraphing” by Academic English UK

More Useful links

1. "Paragraphs" by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Writing Center
2. "Paragraph Structure" by Hamilton College Writing Center
3. "Writing Clear Paragraphs" by Monash University Research & Learning Online
4. "On Paragraphs" by Purdue Online Writing Lab
5. "Paragraph Structure" by University of Nevada, Reno

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. August 31, 2021.

Presenting your Research Paper

The essence of your paper 

1. Introduction which may include the aim, problems why the aim is stated that why, and rationale of why you need to address the problem or what conceptual advantages your solution might have to the body of the knowledge
2. Summary of sub-argument if the argument is too big.
3. Summary of the method and stages using SmartArt graphics or figures
4. Summary of result and discussion
5. The practical or theoretical contribution of your research
6. Limitation of your study and future research suggestion

1. Introduction which may include a brief literature review, Question, Consequences of not knowing an answer, Claim, and reasons,
2. Summary of sub-argument,
3. Methodology and how it solves the problems

Preparation for the Presentation

1. Notes or cards for your presentation slides. Don't scribble down every single word you're going to say. At this point, you should be prepared to give a discussion and know every detail of your study report. The purpose of the note is for you to remind yourself of the critical facts that you could forget.
2. Possible questions your audience might ask. It’s not a bad idea to think about some questions your audience might ask about your presentation. This activity might also be beneficial for you to hone your critical skills. If you're worried of getting questions, practice with your friends so you can be more prepared. It also might reduce your nervousness and fillers (um, mmhm, I think, so, well, etc.)

Presenting for listeners

1. Use a variation of pitch and tone (Tuhovsky, 2018). Your presentation should be engaging, even in tone, because you don’t want to make your listeners bored. Varying your tone and pitch may also suggest that you are not reading a text in front of you. It also shows that you are ready and master the content.
2. Make eye contact with your audience (Barker, 2010). It is important that you notice the audience instead of looking at your presentation material all the time because your audience is also a part of your presentation.
3. Use gestures and movements (Barker, 2010). Using gestures and moving around the room while presenting can energize the session. But using too many gestures or moving around many times, especially in a formal academic presentation, is not appropriate.
4. Ask one or two questions to your audience. In my experience, asking your audience question is one way of involving your audience in your session. The question, however, should not be too difficult to answer. For example, you can do a quick live poll to ask whether the audience knows a certain problem in your research domain.
5. Do not use language for writing because Language for writing and speaking are different. Don’t be too stiff as if you are reading your paper. You can address yourself using “I” or “we” and use some informal style such as the abbreviated forms of “don’t” or “shouldn’t”. You may also use some colloquial words and expressions such as “a lot of" or "thing".

References

Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto. Oktober 21, 2021

Click the + sign to access the links for each topic